ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements referring to the Financial Accounting Standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board-IAI.
• Accounting is often called the "language of business" because accounting is an information system that provides reports for interested parties (stakeholders) about the economic activities and condition of a company. Accounting can be defined as the process of recording, measuring and delivering economic information that can be used as a basis for decision making or discretion. Information is presented in the form of accounting records or better known as financial statements.
Purpose financial statements:
provide information about the financial position, performance and cash flows of the company for the benefit of the majority of users report in order to make economic decisions and demonstrate accountability (stewardship) management over the use of the resources entrusted to them.
• There are four main types of financial statements, the balance sheet (statement of changes in financial position), income statement, statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement.
• Parties relating to the financial statements are IAI, Bapepam, the JSE, the Tax Office and the Office of Public Accountants (Auditors) and other financial statement users. In a different way each party has the same goal, namely producing quality financial reports (can be trusted and reliable, relevant, and timely).

• The financial statements of a company consists of the following.
1. Income Statement.
2. Statement of Changes in Equity.
3. Balance Sheet report.
4. Statement of Cash Flows.

Perseroan Terbatas / PT / Korporasi / Korporat

Perseroan terbatas adalah organisasi bisnis yang memiliki badan hukum resmi yang dimiliki oleh minimal dua orang dengan tanggung jawab yang hanya berlaku pada perusahaan tanpa melibatkan harta pribadi atau perseorangan yang ada di dalamnya. Di dalam PT pemilik modal tidak harus memimpin perusahaan, karena dapat menunjuk orang lain di luar pemilik modal untuk menjadi pimpinan. Untuk mendirikan PT / persoroan terbatas dibutuhkan sejumlah modal minimal dalam jumlah tertentu dan berbagai persyaratan lainnya.

ciri dan sifat pt :

- kewajiban terbatas pada modal tanpa melibatkan harta pribadi
- modal dan ukuran perusahaan besar
- kelangsungan hidup perusahaan pt ada di tangan pemilik saham
- dapat dipimpin oleh orang yang tidak memiliki bagian saham
- kepemilikan mudah berpindah tangan
- mudah mencari tenaga kerja untuk karyawan / pegawai
- keuntungan dibagikan kepada pemilik modal / saham dalam bentuk dividen
- kekuatan dewan direksi lebih besar daripada kekuatan pemegang saham
- sulit untuk membubarkan pt
- pajak berganda pada pajak penghasilan / pph dan pajak deviden

Fellowship Commanditaire / CV / Commanditaire Vennotschaap

CV is a form of business entity formed and owned by two or more people to achieve a common goal with the level of involvement varies among its members. A party to the CV actively manage the business involving personal property and other parties include only capital without having to involve the private property when the financial crisis. Active care company called cv active ally, and that just put up capital called passive allies.

cv characteristics and properties:

- Difficult to attract capital that has been paid
- Big capital because many established parties
- Easy to get a loan kridit
- No active members who have unlimited liability and no passive waiting for benefits
- Relatively easy to set up
- Cv company's survival is uncertain

firm

Firm is a form of business partnership consisting of two or more people with common names are evenly split responsibility is not limited to any owner.

characteristics and nature of the firm:

- If there is a debt unpaid, then each owner shall pay the personal property.
- Each member of the firm has the right to be a leader
- A member is not entitled to enter the new member without the permission of the other members.
- Membership inherent firm and valid for life
- A member has the right to dissolve the firm
- Establishment does not need the certificate of incorporation
- Easy to obtain business loans

Enterprises / Sole Proprietorship or Individual

Proprietorship is a business entity owned by a single person. Individuals can make an individual entity without permission and ordinances tententu. All people are free to make personal business without any limit to set it up. In general, small capital proprietorship, limited the type and quantity of production, have labor / workers are few and the use of simple technology production equipment. Examples of private companies such as grocery stores, itinerant handyman meatballs, hawkers, and so forth.

characteristics and properties of individual companies:

- Relatively easy to set up and also dissolved
- The responsibility is not limited and can involve personal property
- No taxes, there are fees and charges
- All the advantages enjoyed by itself
- Difficult to organize because the company set its own wheels
- A small profit which sometimes have to sacrifice more income
- Long time business entities are not limited or lifetime
- Any time transferable

Regional Autonomy

Regional autonomy can be interpreted as a right, authority, and duties granted to the autonomous regions to set up and manage their own affairs and interests of the local community to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of governance in the context of service to the community in accordance with the development and implementation of legislation .

While the definition of autonomous regions is the legal entity that has boundaries are authorized to regulate and administer governmental affairs and interests of local communities own initiative based on the aspirations of the people.

Authority take care of the household and the area in the State unitary authority covering all of government except for some matters that are held by the central government such as:
1. Foreign relations
2. court
3. Monetary and financial

Theory and Analysis of Regional Economic Development
Differences in the characteristics of the area mean potential difference, thus requiring policy differences for each region. To demonstrate this potential difference will be established zones of regional economic development.
Regional Economic Development Zone is a regional economic development approach by dividing the area of ​​a region depleted by excellent potential possessed, in one area may consist of two or more zones, and a zone can consist of two or more clusters. Each zone is named according to the excellent potential possessed, as well as giving a name to each cluster.
Regional economic development zone (ZPED) is one solution that can be applied to build the economy of a region for the public welfare in the future. Pattern of economic development with the approach of Regional Economic Development Zone (ZPED), aims to:
1. Build each region according to the potential competitive advantage / core competencies.
2. Creating economic development process more structured, focused and sustainable
3. Provide development opportunities and rural districts as centers of regional economic growth.
This is in line with the general development strategy developed by regional economists today. Experts are very concerned with the idea that economic development is local, so was born the various Local Economic Development Strategies (Local Economic Development / LED).
This strategy is summarized in a variety of theories and analysis related to local economic development. One analysis that is relevant to this strategy is Not Balanced Development Model, proposed by Hirscman:
"If we observe the development process that occurs between two specific time period would seem that the various sectors of economic activity has developed at different rates, which means also that the construction sector is going well despite growing unbalanced. Development of the sector leaders (leading sector) will stimulate the development of other sectors. Similarly, developments in a particular industry will stimulate the development of other industries related to the development of industry experience ".
Unbalanced development model rejected the same in every sector that supports the economic development of a region. This development model requires the concentration of development in the sector of the flagship (leading sector) which in turn will stimulate the development of other sectors.
There is also analysis of core competencies (core competiton). Core competencies can be either goods or services that are the mainstay for the zones / clusters to build its economy. Definition of core competencies by Hamel and Prahalad (1995) are:
"An integrated set of capabilities and resources of a range of peripheral devices as a result of the accumulation process of learning, which will be beneficial to the success of a competing business".